Knowledge Discovered Or Invented Philosophy Essay

Knowledge Discovered Or Invented Philosophy Essay Ben Franklin may have discovered electricity but it is the man who invented the meter who made the money (Earl Warren). Children in school are taught that Benjamin Franklin discovered lightning and Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Earl Warrens quote may be right, but what is meant by discovered and invented? I belief that discoveries are things independent of humans, like gravity, Pythagoras theorem, astronomy, electro-magnetic rotations etc, and inventions are man-made, like the bible, the electric motor, the internet, the airplane, and even the seedless watermelon. The areas of knowledge discussed in my essay are mathematics and ethics. I will claim that mathematics is discovered and ethics is invented, and discuss this further in my essay using examples of real-life situations. Mathematics deals with the logic of quantities, shapes, space, and structure. We could argue that maths is in invented and that we only discovered how to use it. The simple systems like simple addition e.g. 2+3=5 are used while inventing solutions to more complex problems. Since mathematicians invent these solutions, they also have the power to invent multiple solutions to get to an answer. When we for instance solve a simple quadratic equation: . We can solve it by factorizing, which gives us (x+3)(x+2), so x=-3 and x=-2, or use the quadratic formula, , and after putting the numbers into the formula (a=1, b=5, c=6), we get the answers x=-3 and x=-2, or we can even graph the function and see that it crosses the x axis at x=-3 and x=-2. We discovered that we can molt mathematics to fit our reality but we did not discover mathematics itself. The problem arises when we come across a number like à Ã¢â€š ¬, when we define the circumference of a circle we did not invent that when we have a circle with radius 1 that its circumference 3.14159265à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. . Relationships in math that were discovered by mathematicians would still be the way they were even if they were not discovered. Mathematicians did not decide that something would be the way it is. Take for example the relationship between the three sides of a right triangle, also known as Pythagoras theorem. It does not change, as humans did not make it, humans only recognized this pattern. Pythagoras theorem , first recognized in the year 530 BC by a Greek man named Pythagoras, states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides. History tells us that Pythagoras, while waiting to see Polycrates, the ruler of the city Somos, was looking at the floors square tiling. He noticed, not invented, that the area of a square straight over the diagonal is double the area of the square straight on an adjacent side. This rewords to the square of the h ypotenuse equalling to the sum of the squares on the triangles two legs. Another simple everyday example, if I have twenty apples and I give you eight, then I am left with twelve apples. Simple subtraction is also math. I do not invent that I am left with twelve apples but discover that after I give eight away I no longer have twenty. The words we created to express numbers which are used to express amounts, differ in almost every country. The verbal language in which math is expressed can be seen as invented. The concept , however, stays the same. The relationship between numbers, triangles, and apples does not change no matter how it is expressed. In Spanish I would have veinte manzanas, and after I had given you ocho manzanas I would still be left with doce manzanas. I can change the language but the relation between the apples will stay the same. We could argue that maths is in invented and that we only discovered how to use it. We discovered that we can molt mathematics to fit our reality but we did not discover mathematics itself. Ethics is not definable, is not implementable, because it is not conscious; it involves not only our thinking, but also our feeling (Valdemar V. Setzer). Ethics is different for everyone and is invented in each individuals mind; it has no authority behind it. It is self-created and self-chosen and thereby influences the way we think, act, and perceive things. Ethics involves the discussion of the way we should live our own lives, our own personal morals. Some people invent their own personal system of morals but others follow a system of morals that have been laid out by a system of morals that combine into a religion. As a Roman Catholic I have been brought up with standard morals of the Catholic Church, Catholic perspectives on abortion, stem cell division, contraception, homosexuality etc. This system of morals, invented by one man, is called the bible. The bible is a book that helps a Christian live their life in a Christian way. The New Testament clearly condemns homosexuality a s a sin, if there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death. Their bloodguiltness is upon them (Lev. 20:13). The belief that homosexuality is wrong is a man-made invented belief. It is also invented that the only way to repent a sin is if one asks for forgiveness and never do it again and they will according to the bible go to heaven. This could not be discovered since it is impossible for anyone that has committed a sin and asked for forgiveness to tell people at earth whether or not they actually came to heaven. And is there a heaven? Ethics is a creation that someone invents in their mind; it cannot be proven to be correct. Ethics cannot be discovered because it is a creation, which means it is new and so invented, in order for discoveries to be made they must pre-exist. Ethics deals with the good and the bad, and the right and the wrong. In our society the bad and the wrong are rar ely tolerated or accepted. The society I live in and the school I go to does not tolerate bad behavior and when I do show signs of bad behavior I discover that I get in trouble. Although it could be argued that reactions towards certain action may be invented there are certain actions, for instance: murder, which is generally not tolerated, anywhere in the world, if the whole entire world is against the murder of an innocent person is it really an invention or a discovery made that society cannot tolerate such behavior. So is it really the ethics that is invented? Or is it the society we live in that is invented and ethics are discoveries made by trial and error. With exception to some, most people would not tolerate child abuse of any form. Going back to the concepts of right and wrong, and good and bad, when we see such a thing happening we automatically judge the abuser as bad and his action as wrong. I do not think these feelings or thoughts are invented but they are discovered as our emotions get touched. Regarding the claim that some knowledge areas are invented and others are discovered, I think there is a specific reason as to why the title essay does not state which areas of knowledge are invented and which are discovered. I believe that the essay title states it very clearly, this subject matter is a topic of discussion. For each argument there is a valid counter argument. Some counter arguments might not be strong arguments but if for every argument another one is given many questions arise. Some claims can never be clarified and I believe that this is the case when discussing the areas of knowledge. I can argue as long as I want that maths is discovered but as my argument is not bulletproof there will always be an argument which will kill it.

Early Exposure of Poor Filipino Children in Drudgery

Thesis Statement: The different forms of child labor exploitation or harmful labor have negative emotional, physical or mental impact on child laborers in the Philippines. I. Introduction Childhood is the most innocent stage in human life. It is the phase of life wherein a child is learning new things, fun-loving, free from all tensions and is the sweetheart of all family members. But this is only one side of the story. The other is full of tremendous problems and burdens. In this case, the innocent child is not the sweetheart of the family, instead, he/ she is an earning machine working the entire day n order to satisfy the needs and wants of his/ her family. This is what we call â€Å"Child labor. † There are various causes and effects of child labor that could totally affect or even damage children’s lives. The consequences of child labor to a child can be numerous and crippling on his/ her physical, mental and emotional state. It can seriously hamper the well being of a child who is supposed to get a sound education and nutrition to develop into a healthy adult. [1]†Child labor is horrible. These children get hurt, maimed, even killed. And guess what? Most kids in schools don’t even care. That is why we need to learn about it in school. To make a difference. † It is important to speak about the practice of abusive and exploitative child labor in order for us to be aware of these cases. Although most of the child workers do get the privilege of education, most end up being dropouts and repeaters because they are not able to focus on their studies. By becoming aware of the consequences that the child workers might face from their situations, we shall become vigilant by fighting its cause and therefore contribute towards the goal of eliminating the child labor cases in our country. II. Analysis A. Historical Background Child labor can be traced to the period of industrialization. It is believed that between 1780 and 1840, child exploitation was a foregone practice. It was common to find children working in factories, farms and mills. Some children started working as tourist guides; some worked as waiters or even set up small shops. Worst forms of child exploitation included military use of children and child prostitution. Families led lives which were manipulated by their employers. They would work for more than 72 hours a week for company owned amenities like goods and houses and for a small pay. Many anti-child labor movements were organized and led by working women and middle class consumers. However, even today many cases of child labor in the Philippines are not registered due to different reasons. Although the country has made remarkable strides to stop child labor, it still exists. The fight is still ongoing. According to the International Labor Organization, the number of working children is increasing daily. Sad but true, children are still being exploited in sweatshops. B. Literature Review Children as a Source of Labor 1. Unpaid Household Work The most common unpaid work within the household and also ost common across all types of unpaid work was household work with activities such as cooking, laundry, ironing, cleaning and gardening. The researchers found out that three-fourths of the children under took household work. Parents of the children who work within the household work have their time to relax and parents appreciate this as there rest day. In this case, ch ildren usually learn their task from their parents or older siblings. 2. Children as Income Earning Assets From interviewing some labourers, the researchers found out that many of child workers do not even know about their salary. Because parents or other relatives were the ones connive with the employer, mostly relative rather than the child workers are the recipient of financial remuneration. Even when the child workers receive the financial remuneration, many of them send the money to their parents and they would get little benefit. Although they know keeping some portion of the money with them will help in times of need. III. Child Labor in the Philippines A. Different Faces of Child Labor Child labor is an emotional issue, not only because many business is made large profit by exploiting children for extremely low wage but also ecause children were being deprived of education that would allow them to improve and make their life better. We have policies and programs that help the victims of child labor, however, it still couldn't help the fact that it's still growing until now, there is still argument dealing with child labor. Annually, the numbers of child labor victims is increasing. Working on a dangero us and hazardous job is the only way to help their family when it comes to expenses. Every shift, they face the most difficult trials in life. Everyday they experience loss of life, limb and innocence. Child labor victims are lso exposed to dirty jobs. Blacksmiths, tinsmiths, foundry work, glass factories, cotton and textile mills, coal mines and fields and child prostitution are some of the common jobs that young children are engage in. Being exposed to these dirty activities, children are prone to bacteria viruses so they have a higher possibility of getting sick they also experience many dangers when it comes to their job-child trafficking, especially for girls, often end up imprisoned in rooms, watched by arm guards, starve, beaten and rape by their own recruiters or captors. Children have to bear anything to survive their situation. B. Reasons of its Rapid Growth Child labor has grown to be a topic of widespread debate. It has many favorable and unfavorable points of view. In any case, child labor should be destroyed as it is harmful to the health of the children, it is an obstacle to their education, and it denies them a happy childhood. There are reasons why this dilemma is growing rapidly. One of this is the children work to help pay off a loan incurred by the family. For instance, a parent trade their child for money or because it gives them a wealthy life in change. The children from poor families in developing countries cannot study. Their parents cannot afford their school and study expenditures. Poor families are normally very large, and the bread earner is the male head who single-handedly cannot meet the needs of each member. Poverty hinders the children to do whatever they want. Every child has the right to the most basic of necessities in life like a healthy environment, formal education, and most importantly, a loving family to come home to. Parents are forced to send the little children into hazardous jobs for the reason of survival, even though they know it is wrong. Illiterate and ignorant parents do not understand the need for roper physical and emotional development of their child. They don’t pay enough attention to their responsibilities and that is why they don’t care about the education for their child. Adult unemployment and urbanization also causes child labor. Adults often find it difficult to find jobs because factory owners find it more beneficial to employ children at cheap rate s. One of these examples is the garment factories. The industrial revolution has also a negative effect by giving rise to circumstances which encourages child labor. Sometimes multinationals prefer to employ child workers in developing countries because they could work long nd can pay in a small wage. C. Children’s Rights (Regarding Child Labor) The children’s right is categorized into three by a Canadian organization. The first group is the provision. It means that children should have the right to live and should receive their fundamental needs in life. It also convey that children must have an adequate home, right amount of food to eat, should be engaged in a good lifestyle, health care, education to learn and to play. Next is the protection. The child should enjoy his/her protection. The child should be given the opportunities and a right facility. They should be Free from harm and abuse. Last is the participation. It signifies that the children should have the chance to join different programs and services that are accommodating to them. They also have the right to participate to other activities and facilities in their community. D. Number of Child Laborers The percentage of young people in Philippines between the age of five and seventeen is about 33 percent of its total population which comes to about 22. 4 million. This is a large number considering that Philippines is a young nation. Between the ages of 5 to 7 years, one in every six children has to work to arn a living and help support his or her family. This astounding fact tells us that around sixteen percent of young children in Philippines are working. Child Labor is prevalent in mining, production, farming, and deep sea fishing industries and many children are also working as domestic workers. Based on the 2000 survey of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and National Stat istics Office (NSO) and studies by the Bacolod-based research group Center for Investigative Research and Multimedia Services (CIRMS), around four million or 16. 2 percent of the 24. 9 million Filipino children (aged five to 17 years) work. This reflects a significant increase from the 1995 ILO and NSO surveys wherein 3. 6 million child workers were documented. The age group of 10-14 years accounted for 48 percent of the working children while the age group of 15-17 years accounted for 46 percent. There were more child male workers than child female workers. The gender ratio showed 173 male child workers for every 100 child female workers. Based on geographic distribution, about 70 percent child laborers were found in rural areas and only 30 percent in urban areas. Urban-based child workers were a little older than their rural counterparts: the average age of urban- ased child workers is 15 while the rural average age is 14. E. Working Hours The average number of working hours of children in productive activities was 28 per week. One-third of the children involve in productive activities for more than 35 hours per week. The intensity of work in productive activities was higher for boys(33 hours) than girls(26 hours). Th e survey also revealed that the highest proportion of children involve in these activities worked about 3-5 hours per day. IV. Impact of Child Labor in Children’s Lives A. Short-term Impact Most of the child workers studied were from poor families and ommunities, and this was reflected in their overall community health norm. Nevertheless, no significant differences in height and weight were obvious between working and non-working children from the same communities. Certain work situations were shown to affect the child workers’ health in specific ways. The hazards the children were exposed to were found to be place, work, and gender related. The NSO survey showed that about 30, 000 children had reported having suffered from work-related injuries/illnesses. Majority of these lived in the rural areas, especially in Region VII, ARMM, and Region X. Their most common njuries reported were cuts/wounds/punctures. Some illnesses/injuries reported were such that 3 in every 100 had to stop working and 50% had to temporarily stop working. Schistosomiasis, fatigue, backache, wounds, and over-exposure to the sun were related to agricultural work. Sleeplessness was reported in night fishing and garments manufacturing. Thypoid, gastro-enteritis, beriberi, respiratory ailments (TB, bronchitis and pneumonia), headaches, fever, coughs, dysentery, ruptured eardrums, and damaged auditory nerves were reported in deep sea diving. Fatal accidents such as drowning were reported in sea-related work. In manufacturing, skin and respiratory illnesses; impairment of the nervous system due to chemicals; headaches; backaches; leg cramps; allergies; and eyestrain were reported. Sun over-exposure was reported in stonecraft work. Accidents in manufacturing were due to cuts, punctures, and bone mashing. In services, exposure to environmental hazards and road accidents in street trades, colds, cough, STDs for prostituted children, harassment and threats to the body and life were reported. The NSO reported that while boys suffered more from the effects of hazardous work, illnesses such as body aches/pains were more common among emales, and more females also contracted skin rashes/diseases. Other studies showed that since there were more girls found in prostitution, they were also more prone to STDs. B. Long-term Impact Child labor has huge array of effect on children. Some are see to affect them for a long period of time. When children don’t go to school and learn, the possibility of excelling in life is lessened because they might not know anything. They only have little knowledge. Hazardous jobs can also affect their health. Several conditions are very life threatening and can affect their life until hey grow up. They might acquire some diseases that is incurable and lasts for a long time. They might also get themselves in accidents that would totally injure them physically, mentally and emotionally. They might get used to it, making their mindset more mature, not thinking about their freedom as a child and making them brainwashed zombies. V. The Economic History of Child Labor A. Early Industrialization and the Employment of Children Children in the Philippines, especially those who belong to low- income families are bound to an early participation in economic activities. At very oung ages, they are trained to help in household chores and, for many whose parent’s income cannot cover the needs of their families, contribute to be a family worker. Hence by the time they reach adolescence, most of them are well versed with the realities of the Philippine labor market. Young as they are, working adolescents are highly subjected to abuse and exploitation as they engage themselves in a variety of work, under varying conditions. Those working on the streets or scavenging as well as those trapped in the prostitution industry are exposed to violence and to threats to their moral development and health. Those engaged in domestic service are often isolated and may suffer physical and sexual abuse. Working adolescents in home based industries often work in poor, even unsafe conditions. Working adolescents can be found in practically all sectors of the economy. They cut across major occupational groups and cover a wide range of economic activities. In general, however, working male adolescents are concentrated in non-domestic occupations like wood working, fishing, hauling, scavenging and newspaper selling. On the other hand, working female adolescents are commonly into domestic work, sidewalk vending and in industries requiring anual dexterity, such as embroidery work in sewing. In rural areas, adolescents work for large plantations like vegetable and rice farms. Those in urban areas may be found in the retail trade and in services and small-scale manufacturing enterprises. Of those in the industry sector, majority are engaged in the manufacturing sub sector, while those in the servic es sector are mostly found in the personal services and trade sub sectors. B. The Child Labor Market 1. Supply of Child Workers As we know, human are one of the most abundant things in our planet. We can see humans of different races almost everywhere. Children have higher ratio than adults, especially in the Philippines. So, there is no problem in finding children to train for work. Child workers are scattered everywhere. There are so many cases of child labor, either legal or illegal. In the Philippines, child workers are seen everywhere, even in the dangerous streets of Metro Manila. It seems that they have invaded this region. They are like ants because of their huge number. Some are vendors of certain things like toys, foods, service and other commodities. Our country seems to have an unlimited supply of child workers. Where all these children coming from? Well, judging from biological aspects of the human race, they came from their parents after a night of love. There are only few ways of reducing these big numbers because it is a natural process and it is bad to fight nature. The only way to reduce it is through discipline. Now, we are having an unlimited supply of child workers. 2. Demand of Child Workers Why is there so many child workers on the road? Many people hire children because of the advantages they get. One of the reason is the child’s energy. Children seem to be energetic even though they are tired after a long day’s work. We, costumers pity the children and because of that we buy from them. Syndicates like to hire children because of their charming look as well as their helpless look. So, if people would buy from them, they will just advertise and promote child workers. These had been a big demand for child workers because of these reasons. Children have a high demand in the market today because of their amazing qualities and capabilities. VI. Government Agencies and Laws A. Government Agencies 1. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) The Dole has numerous programs whose goal is to reduce the incidence of child labor. Example of which are as follows: . Coordination of DOLE ad the International Program for the Elimination of Child Labor (ILO- IPEC). b. Studies such as the Gender Statistics on Labor and Employment (GSLE) generates data on working children c. The Philippine Program Against Child Labor d. Projects such as strengthening national capacities to support the Philippine program against chil d labor e. Partnership of DOLE with UNICEF 2. Department Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) DSWD as mandated by the national government has waged war against child labor. Programs such as the following were implemented: a. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s) b. Regional Sub-committee for the welfare of children (RSCNC) which one sees and monitors the personality of local councils for the protection of children. c. DSWD- provided educational assistance, skills, training and livelihood assistance. 3. Philippine National police (PNP) The PNP is the enforcers of laws appertaining child labor. PNP started their crack down on â€Å"muro-ami† an illegal method of fishing that more often than not, exploits minors. B. Non- Government Agencies 1. Compassion Compassion is a child development center that sponsors children and provide them with food, shelter, education and health care as well as Christian trainings. It is a Christian child advocacy ministry that releases children from spiritual, economic, social and physical poverty and encourage them to become responsible, fulfilled Christian adults. 2. Bantay Bata 163 This is a social welfare program of the ABS-CBN Foundation. It aims to protect disadvantaged and at risk children through a nationwide network of social service. Among these services, the national emergency hotline†163† which allows people to call and report incidence of child abuse exploitation and neglect. C. Laws 1. RA 9231 A. special protection of children against child abuse, exploitation nd discrimination. Act No. 1-08-employer/ youth aged 15 to less than 18 years old. 2. RA 9208 An act to institute police to eliminate by picking in person especially women and children, establishing the necessary institutional mechanism for the protection and support for trafficked persons, providing penalties for its violation. VII. Summary This research st udy is all about he current situation of child labor here in the Philippines. Our research discusses the factors affecting child labor as well as the child. It also touches certain topics that would help the authorities to come up with a trategic plan to decrease or might eliminate the presence of child labor in our country. This research exposed what might have been the origin of child labor in the Philippines. The economic status of our country with regards to the issue of child labor is also included. It tackles the effect of early exposure to drudgery in children, parents and in the country. This research also contains the result of our recent interview/ survey to the public. The questionnaire includes a variety of questions about their background, jobs, family, and the like. The results also provide proof that our country is in a ituation where in the issue, child labor, is almost conquering us. This research is bound together with the statistics of child workers. This states t he different way’s a child could work. Laws, government and non-government agencies governing over child labor is also included within this research. The opinions of the researchers are also stated in this research. The stand of the researchers in the issue is also indicated. The outcome of the different actions of the agencies involved is stated and proven by the researchers. The whole research is mainly about the current situation and effects of child labor to the Philippines and he actual effects of it to the children. VIII. Conclusion On the whole, the decade had brought forth a rich and comprehensive body of literature on child labor. These studies cover the more or less in-depth picture of child workers’ personal characteristics. Our study recounts the historical experience of child labor in the Philippines and shows that children’s labor had been utilized and exploited in the Philippines. Child labor is a human right issue of immense sensitivity. To sum u p, Philippines consider it highly inappropriate when a child below 18 years of age is put to work. People should be prohibited from hiring children. Advocacy to eliminate child labor is not just the simple reduction of child labor in the work place. It is important to realize that there is not one simple answer to this vastly complicated issue. Hazardous work has been deemed as one of the worst forms of child labor and is therefore in need of immediate abolition. [2]†Every child deserves a reason to laugh. Child laborers live and work in such poor conditions that their lips would probably crack if they smile. † The elimination of child labor must pay attention to the conditions that have created the poverty which has spawned child labor. The link between the forces hat have created poverty and the factors leading to child labor go beyond community and national boundaries, and must be understood,, articulated and engaged. Let us all do what we can now, to eliminate child labor by advocating and ensuring that communities will survive, so that children today and in the future can start to take back their childhood. IX. R ecommendations After completing this research we’ve finally come to this part. Based on the outcome of our research, we recommend that the parents of the child laborers should strive harder in order to sustain their family needs because this is one of the ajor reasons why children work in spite their young age. The government should also pay attention and make more laws that penalize and criminalize parents and employers who are involved in this issue because nowadays we only have about 7 laws regarding this issue, which shows that it still needs improvement. The laws also have some flows which night lead to injustice. The children should also be careful in working because there are lots of things that could happen to them. They should also fight for their rights because sometimes, there are severely violated by their parents/ employers. Bibliography Books Del Rosario, Rosario and Melinda Bonga. (2000) Child Labor in the Philippines: A Review of Selected Studies and Policy Papers Manila, Philippines Adolescents in the Labor Force Institute for Labor Studies- Dep of Labor and Employment Manila, Philippines Websites http://international. uiowa. edu/centars/human-rights/documents/hazardous_child_labor. pdf http://EzineArticles. com/? expert=ThesaSambas www. [email  protected] gov. ph www. dole. gov. ph Dedication We highly dedicate this research works to all child workers and government agencies that are concerned in child labor cases in our country. It is known to s that there is a rapid growth of child workers who are supposed to be in the environment of a classroom rather than roaming the streets and risking every chance, time and time again, to earn money. It is with this thought in mind that we became more determined to continue our research study in order for the government to begin putting an end to child labor in the Philippines . Our thanks to all, who generously contributed their insights. Without their help, this research paper would never have been possible. -The Researchers Acknowledgement We, the aesthetic metamorphosis group, would like to express our deepest ppreciation to our very own, Miss Maria Purificacion R. Razon, who introduced us the real essence of being a student by making it possible for us to do our very first research paper. The entire team owes a debt of gratitude to a number of individuals who ably assisted in the development of this research. We would like to recognize Mr. Edwin Estioco, our consultant and reviser, for his helpful insights, advise, inspiration and selfless voluntary service to the successful completion of this project. We also extend our enormous appreciation to Mr. Exxon Susmirano, DSWD Social worker, Mrs. Minie Averilia, DOLE Worker and KGWD Ray Fajardo of Brgy. Kamuning, for providing us their truthful answers to our survey questions. We also are grateful to our families. Their support and guidance has enabled us to function effectively throughout the entire project period. And last, but never least, we honor our Almighty God who served as our team leader and thoughtful guide and for the unwavering support which make it possible for us to develop this research paper. -The Researchers EARLY EXPOSURE OF POOR FILIPINO CHILDREN IN DRUDGERY A Research Paper Presented to The Class of Miss Maria Purificacion R. Razon Don Alejandro Roces Sr. Science-Technology High School In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Subject English IV By Amelia Fermia Carlos Leniel Origenes Rolyn Claire Maun IV-Gold Jenella Christine Palomar Sharmina Monic Allarde Kevin Baybay IV-Aluminum Emmanuel Caperal IV-Vanadium December 13, 2010 Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Analysis A. Historical background B. Literature review 1. Children as a source of labor a. Unpaid household work b. Children as income earning assets III. Child labor in the Philippines A. Different faces of child labor B. Reasons of its rapid growth C. Children’s rights (regarding child labor) D. Number of child laborers E. Working hours IV. Impact of child labor in children’s lives A. Short-term impact B. Long-term impact V. The Economic history of child labor A. Early industrialization and the employment of children B. The Child labor market 1. Supply of child workers 2. Demand of child workers VI. Government agencies and laws A. Government agencies 1. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) 2. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) 3. Philippine National Police (PNP) B. Non-government agencies 1. Compassion 2. Bantay Bata 163 C. Laws 1. RA 9231 2. RA 9208 VII. Summary VIII. Conclusion IX. Recommendations [pic] A. Child Laborers We, the researchers, conducted an interview to 12 child laborers based on their personal experiences in engaging work activities. The age of the one we interviewed are ranging to 10-16 years old. Almost half of the interviewee is a vendor, second is the ending, and last are the junk trader, eye optomatrist and a dubber which are the least. As the result of the survey, almost all the child laborers said that they need to work to help their family’s survival. For the remaining, they work because they need oney for their school allowances. After the interview, it appears that child laborer had been working from the past 1-3 years. Almost all of them work when there is a free time or if it is weekend. According to the said interview they worked for 3-7 hours a day. It appears that in a 3 out of 12 child laborers, they had experience abused by their own family members. It clarify th at all of them are living with their parents. Also, almost all of them are giving their earnings to their parents or guardians and the others for themselves or for their offering. It states that all of the child laborers are still tudying. It had been pointed that almost all the child laborers doesn’t have any other job beside their present. Their allowances are ranging from Php 500, which is the highest, and Php 40, which is the least. Child laborers also answer that they want to continue their studies for them to have a better life. After the interview, we concluded that child laborers are working not only from themselves but also to help their family expenses. Moreover, it is obvious that if a child has less hours in school and greater hour for free time they are more attainable to be engaged in work. B. Parents We, the researchers, conducted an interview to 4 parents, which their child is engaged to work activities. We asked the parents why their children are working and the result is because their child wanted to help them for their expenses. According to the parents, their child works approximately 8 hours, which is the highest, and 3 hours, which is least. All of the parents answered that it is advantage for the child to work because they lessen the expenses at home. We concluded that parent agreed to their child to work because they help their family. It also helps their child to be matured like Maria Paz D. Gutierrez, a parent of a child laborer, said,† Natuto siya sa buhay at magpahalaga sa pera. † C. Government officials We, the researchers, conducted an interview to some government official; who are Exxon Susmerano, a social worker from DSWD (Department of Social Worker and Development) and Armando Ray Fajardo, a kagawad from barangay Kamuning. According to Armando Ray Fajardo,† Here in on our barangay we set feeding programs to those that don’t have money to buy food. Another is setting seminars to both the children and the parent so that they would gain more knowledges about the issue of child labor. Government officials also not help the child labor victims but also they teach the parent s and children to be aware in child labor. It also said that in some hidden places they had found some cases of child labor. Children are commonly seen as a child prostitute in some KTV bar in Kamuning. It is also said that DOLE has the list of the specific cases regarding to child labor. The interview pointed that child labor victims will have a bad negative for them, they will be matured-minded and they will not enjoy their childhood and they will begin to love their job. They also state that the one who caught employing children will be unished by law based on their crimes they committed. Interviewee also said that there are laws that are concerned to child labor. RI 9262, RA 7610, RA 7658, RA 9231, RA 9208 and RA 9775 are one of the few laws regarding to child labor. We concluded that Government officials help participates to decrease the child labor in our country. Also, they make laws that help children, but for us it is by act to know and not to words if a person wants to help the victims. ———————– [1] Weston Englstad, Hoover Elementary School of Iowa City, iowa [2] Zoe Grueskin, Hoower Elementary School of Iowa City, Iowa

Introduction of Johnson &Johnson

Introduction of Johnson &Johnson As a consumer, you’re familiar with our name. The rich heritage brands from our operating companies have helped people around the world, and chances are your own family has trusted our products for generations. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly based manufacturer of health care products in the industry. Our products touch the lives of nearly a billion people every day. Our operating companies around the world compete in consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostics markets. With approximately 120,000 employees working in more than 250 companies in 57 countries, our Family of Companies has the skills and resources to tackle the world’s most pressing health issues. Few companies have the consistent track record of public trust, annual sales increases, double-digit earnings increases, and steady dividend increases of Johnson & Johnson. Working together across our various business segments, we believe that we can accelerate growth through a dedicated focus on the intersection of our existing capabilities, customer need, and emerging trends. Because of our wide-ranging technological expertise and global presence, cross-business collaborations provide an enormous opportunity to address unmet health care needs and to enhance competitive advantage for our Family of Companies. They include In the coming decades, a significant portion of our growth will come from the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Europe/Middle East/Africa global regions, through Success in these markets requires an understanding of local cultures derived only from local experience. By sourcing top business and technology employment candidates for positions in their home countries, we can build organizations, facilities, and product marketing systems that respond to local needs. Rallying around the imperative of flawless execution helps our employees around the world Innovations within each of these product platforms take shape through a number of avenues, including Today, and for most of our history, our success is driven by our commitment to principles that are ingrained in our culture. These principles provide continuity in our approach to business opportunities, but they also stablish consistencies in our management style. Our key strengths serve as  a springboard for accelerating our growth and our contribution to human health around the world. Johnson & Johnson is committed to building on our knowledge and experience in order to take the lead in a rapidly evolving health care marketplace. Commitment to the promise of science and technology helps us  pr oduce innovative products and seek cures for diseases. Collaboration across our businesses and franchises expands competitive advantage and helps us address unmet medical needs. Pariticipation in  global markets—many with substantial unmet medical needs—offers tremendous potential. Recognition of  the responsibility inherent in our health care mission compels us to maintain the highest quality and on-time delivery. Explore Our Expansive Business Strategy A wide focus on health care As a consumer, you’re familiar with our name. The rich heritage brands from our operating companies have helped people around the world, and chances are your own family has trusted our products for generations. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly based manufacturer of health care products in the industry. Our products touch the lives of nearly a billion people every day. Our operating companies around the world compete in consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostics markets. With approximately 120,000 employees working in more than 250 companies in 57 countries, our Family of Companies has the skills and resources to tackle the world’s most pressing health issues. Our strategic principles Few companies have the consistent track record of public trust, annual sales increases, double-digit earnings increases, and steady dividend increases of Johnson & Johnson. Our strategic principles define our management approach and help us build on the strengths of our heritage. Our approach to a converging health care market Johnson & Johnson recognizes that leveraging our world-class talent with cutting-edge technology has the potential to create innovative, effective product solutions and a novel approach to holistic patient care. Our vision for growth Working together across our various business segments, we believe that we can accelerate growth through a dedicated focus on the intersection of our existing capabilities, customer need, and emerging trends. Our growth imperatives and our commitment to developing capable, values-based leaders define our vision to rise to a new level of strength. Our strategic approach Few companies have the public trust in the record sales growth, double-digit increases in earnings, as well as Johnson & Johnson's steady increase in dividend. Our strategic approach to determine our management approach and help us to consolidate our traditional strengths. The convergence of our approach medical market Johnson & Johnson acknowledged that the use and cutting of our world-class talent, advanced technology, it is possible to create innovative, cost effective product solutions and a comprehensive new method for patient care. Our healthy growth Our work in various business fields, we believe we can accelerate our existing capabilities through a dedicated focus on the junction growth, customer needs, emerging trends. Our growth needs and we are committed to developing skills, values-based leaders set out our objectives, creating a new power level. Johnson & Johnson is a company of enduring strength. We’ve been privileged to play a role in helping millions of people the world over be well and stay well through more than a century of change. As the science of human health and well-being has grown, we’ve been able to grow along with it. Even more important, we’ve helped shape and define what health and well-being means in every day lives. Our products, services, ideas and giving now touch the lives of at least one billion people everyday. We credit our strength and endurance to a consistent approach to managing our business, and to the character of our people. We are guided in everything we do by Our Credo, a management document authored more than 60 years ago by Robert Wood Johnson, former chairman from 1932 to 1963, and by four strategic principles. Our Credo: Our Guiding Philosophy The overarching philosophy that guides our business is Our Credo, a deeply held set of values that have served as the strategic and moral compass for generations of Johnson & Johnson leaders and employees. Above all, Our Credo challenges us to put the needs and well-being of the people we serve first. It also speaks to the responsibilities we have to our employees, to the communities in which we live and work and the world community, and to our shareholders. We believe Our Credo is a blueprint for long-term growth and sustainability that’s as relevant today as when it was written Our Credo Values Broadly Based in Human Health Being broadly based gives us a number of advantages. Our more than 250 operating companies have a local window into emerging customer needs, scientific developments, and technologies throughout the world. We turn those insights into innovative new products and sometimes whole new businesses. It allows us to transfer scientific breakthroughs, marketing insights and manufacturing expertise easily across the full range of our businesses. This broad base has helped us bring more science to the consumer health products that people use every day. To see the breadth of the Johnson & Johnson companies throughout the world, explore the map. A Decentralized Management Approach We are big and we are small all at once. Each of our operating companies functions as its own small business. They are strongly entrepreneurial in character, and they know that their success depends on anticipating customers’ needs and delivering meaningful, high-quality solutions. While our people operate in a small-company setting, they also have access to the know-how and resources of a Fortune 50 company. It’s like having dozens of strategic partners at their fingertips. Explore the map to find out more about our companies throughout the world. Managed for the Long Term We focus on the fundamentals of our business, and manage with future generations in mind. While we keep our eye on social and scientific trends, we make sure our companies balance the short-term and the long-term in their strategic planning. We invest in promising new businesses while maintaining leadership positions in high growth businesses. We are focused on sustainability, and constantly review key economic, environmental, and employee health and safety indicators to ensure we are on the right path. This past year we established an internal innovation fund to keep us at the leading edge of transforming health and well-being. People and Values People and values are Johnson & Johnson’s greatest assets. We know that every invention, every product, and every breakthrough we’ve brought to human health and well-being has been powered by people. Our people strive to make a difference. We believe the shared values embodied in Our Credo help us attract and keep the most talented values-driven people in the world. Our Credo Values | | | |The values that guide our decision making are spelled out in Our Credo. Put simply, Our Credo challenges us to put the | | |needs and well-being of the people we serve first. | | | | | |Robert Wood Johnson, former chairman from 1932 to 1963 and a member of the Company’s founding family, crafted Our Credo | | |himself in 1943, just before Johnson   became a publicly traded company. This was long before anyone ever heard the| | |term â€Å"corporate social responsibility. † Our Credo is more than just a moral compass. We believe it’s a recipe for business | | |success. The fact that Johnson   is one of only a handful of companies that have flourished through more than a | | |century of change is proof of that. | | | | Developing markets Growth in Developing and Underserved Markets In the coming decades, a significant portion of our growth will come from the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Europe/Middle East/Africa global regions, through †¢ Product marketing †¢ Innovative manufacturing †¢ Product development †¢ Leadership development activities Success in these markets requires an understanding of local cultures derived only from local experience. By sourcing top business and technology employment candidates for positions in their home countries, we can build organizations, facilities, and product marketing systems that respond to local needs. Established in 2008, one of the tasks of the Johnson & Johnson Office of Strategy and Growth is to identify new growth and strategic opportunities in developing and underserved markets that have the potential to make a significant impact on human health. These opportunities are separate from those being currently pursued by our existing business segments. The Johnson & Johnson International Recruitment & Development program is a major component of our global success. By developing future leaders within our international businesses, we build businesses that are better aligned with the pressing health care needs of the regions in which they operate. Our decentralized management structure ensures that Johnson & Johnson operations in countries across the world are run locally, with an emphasis on adapting our products and facilities to local cultures, customs, and economic vitality. Growth is driven from within these regions, rather than from afar. Our Heritage Building on the Strengths of Our Heritage Remaining true to the principles that made us strong Today, and for most of our history, our success is driven by our commitment to principles that are ingrained in our culture. These principles provide continuity in our approach to business opportunities, but they also establish consistencies in our management style. Our guiding principles are †¢ Adherence to the principles of Our Credo †¢ A broad base in human health care †¢ Commitment to decentralized management Emphasis on managing the business for the long term †¢ Dedication to people and values While Johnson & Johnson is dedicated to Our Credo, which have historically guided our business, our employees, and our culture, we also use these values and beliefs to guide our strategies for the future in a rapidly converging health care marketplace. Our dedication to personal and professional gr owth among our employees, as well as an emphasis on developing new technologies to meet the needs of people around the world, positions Johnson & Johnson as a global leader in the 21st century. Flawless Execution Rallying around the imperative of flawless execution helps our employees around the world †¢ Maintain the highest quality and on-time delivery of the products, projects, and processes for which they share responsibility †¢ Display vision, planning, and the ability to adapt to a changing environment †¢ Become better prepared to help us reach our goals in human health care †¢ Develop the discipline that makes tools such as process excellence, shared best practices, and review of process metrics an important part of our operating culture Cross-business Collaborations Because of our wide-ranging technological expertise and global presence, cross-business collaborations provide an enormous opportunity to address unmet health care needs and to enhance competitive advantage for our Family of Companies. They include Collaborations initiated to identify and develop innovative products Grouped purchasing agreements, shared best practices, cooperative talent acquisition and development, and shared research initiatives, undertaken to improve overall performance Their success is due, in part, to strong trust-based relationships. Commitment to the values expressed in Our Credo helps employees of Johnson & Johnson companies demonstrate skill and effectiveness as they establish relationships with colleagues worldwide. The decentralized corporate structure within Johnson & Johnson, when applied to innovation and business growth, results in different people with different skills, thoughts, and ideas coming together and collaborating to develop products and technologies to advance the standard of health care and satisfy unmet medical needs of patients around the world. Innovative Product Solutions Our opportunities for innovation span a range of product solution platforms that cross our consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostics businesses: |Anti-infectives |Neurology | |Antifungal |Nutritionals | |Audiology |Oncology | |Cardiovascular |Oral care | |Central nervous system |Orthopaedics | |Dental |Pain and inflammation | |Diagnostics |Patient monitoring | |Dialysis |Respiratory | |Gastrointestinals |Skin care | |Hematology |Surgical instruments | |IV/vascular access |Urology | |Imaging |Vision care | |Immune-mediated inflammatory disorders Women's health | |Needles and sutures |Wound care | Innovations within each of these product platforms take shape through a number of avenues, including: Aggressive investment in research and development To ensure our continued growth, we make a vigorous commitment to research and development in all business segments. Our R&D network is strong and well-equipped, with substantial annual investments. Through world-cl ass research facilities, highly productive small team settings, and sound scientific methods, we build a pipeline and patent estate that match the breadth of our product platforms. Focus on new convergence in the marketplace Our strong commitment to R&D, as well as our focus on new technologies, has positioned Johnson & Johnson as a market leader ready to capitalize on the rapidly evolving health care landscape. As the marketplace sees a new and steady convergence between technology, products, and services, we see ourselves as uniquely positioned to meet the challenges and opportunities that are emerging. Extensive collaboration and strategic alliances Our broad base in health care offers our companies a unique source of innovative product solutoins: Internal collaborations both within and across business segments. Experts within specific product platforms extend their impact as they identify synergies and establish collaborative development relationships with colleagues throughout our Family of Companies. The ability to work across company boundaries enables true collaborative innovation, and sets the stage for important health care breakthroughs in the future. Additionally, each year, Johnson & Johnson companies enter into hundreds of strategic alliances. These alliances combine the  unique strengths of external partners, which, when combined  with those of our businesses, build value for customers. Selective licensing and acquisition We proactively search for innovations from outside our organizations as well. Our conscientious approach to assessing licensing and acquisition opportunities has helped us expand this important source of growth Advancing to a New Level of Strength Accelerating growth by excelling as leaders Our key strengths serve as a springboard for accelerating our growth and our contribution to human health around the world. Johnson & Johnson is committed to building on our knowledge and experience in order to take the lead in a rapidly evolving health care marketplace. Our pursuit is grounded in four growth imperatives: Innovative product solutions – Commitment to the promise of science and technology helps us produce innovative products and seek cures for diseases. Cross-business collaborations – Collaboration across our businesses and franchises expands competitive advantage and helps us address unmet medical needs. Growth in developing and underserved markets – Pariticipation in global markets—many with substantial unmet medical needs—offers tremendous potential. †¢ Flawless execution – Recognition of the responsibility inherent in our health care mission compels us to maintain the highest qu quality and on-time delivery. Johnson & Johnson companies have the freedom to develop customized strategies that best contribute to their own growth as well as to the fulfillment of our global business strategy. In this way, our small-company environment contributes directly and uniquely to our big-company impact. Developing capable, values-based leaders Much of our success is the result of skilled leaders who have made smart choices over the years. Johnson & Johnson companies rely on the ongoing development of leaders who †¢ Demonstrate integrity, passion, and the ability to set a vision and inspire organizations †¢ Create and value stimulating environments, learning and growth opportunities, and collaborative settings †¢ Guide business growth †¢ Champion adherence to the values of Our Credo Looking to the future, we are placing more emphasis than ever on the attraction, acquisition, and development of capable, values-based leaders. The convergence of technology with talent in our organization opens up new doors for our employees to facilitate exciting innovations across many platforms. Our Global Leadership Profile serves as a framework for developing and assessing future leaders around the world. It defines the leadership behaviors we value in employees at all levels. Our greatest potential is realized when we help employees realize their greatest potential. To help cultivate the leadership capabilities of every individual, we continually assess our talent management processes, tools, and leadership effectiveness. Johnson & Johnson is committed to developing the talents and skills of our employees in order to position them to solve the health care needs of the future. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]

Research On The Concept Of The Islamic Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4535 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Islamic bank is a financial institution which mediates between savers and investors within the framework of Islamic law. This definition highlights the banks role as a financial institution which aims to attract funds and investment banking services and to act as a financial intermediary within the framework of Islamic law. Islamic financial institutions are subject to the regulations and laws which cover the banking sector, as well as the rules specified in Sharia law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research On The Concept Of The Islamic Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Therefore, we find that internal resources (capital, reserves and undistributed profits) and external resources (deposits) have their controls legitimised according to legal regulations. An example of the differences is funding, which has formulas which are different to loans. The most important formulas in funding are Murabaha and Istislna, which control and legitimise credit checks and credit control to ensure the money is paid back to the bank. Islamic banks must perform assessments to ensure all their banking services do not contravene the provisions for money in Islam. The functions of Islamic banks Despite the many views of researchers and scholars on this subject, the Islamic bank is a speculator in a speculation absolute. The bank has the right to appoint others to manage the investment funds of savers, and in this case the bank works for those who supplied them with the money (debtors) and the head of money and debtors are speculators (or the agent). The work of an Islamic bank can be described as a racquet play, legitimate speculation wins control over profit, labour and capital. Unique features of Islamic banking The obligation to apply Sharia rules Islamic banking is one of the most important parts of the Islamic economic system. The Islamic economic system by is a practical application of the religion of Islam, along with worship and morals. Islamic banks, as financial institutions, act between savers and investors to offer financial services according to Sharia rules on speculation. The main role for Islamic banks is to be a mediator. Islamic banks contribute to the economic and social development. In situations where the bank is a partner which contributes to the development, it is considered as a joint venture. However conventional banks have a limited relationship as borrowers or lenders. Participating in profits and the losses. The basis of Islamic banking which renders it successful is its application of th e legitimate profit and loss-sharing scheme. (Alghonm balghorm). The most important differences between Islamic and conventional banks Both Islamic and conventional banks can carry out financial brokering, however they have different aims and goals in doing so which distinguish them. Conventional banks only need to apply the regulations they are obligated to carry out, disregarding Sharia perspectives. However Islamic banks have to apply Sharia perspectives in order to qualify as an Islamic Bank as well as implementing their legal obligations. Conventional Banks vs. Islamic Banks Subject Conventional Bank Islamic Bank Profit The difference between the debit and the credit interest The profit from actual investment on the depositors money Main Activity Accepts deposits and grants loans Contributes directly to the financing and acts as specialized banks Direct trading Cannot be carried out Directly trades in cargo according to the formal rules of Islamic trade Deposits Accepts deposits and undertakes their response in the specific benefits in the specific quarter Accepts investment deposits on the basis of profit and loss sharing; thus there is no guarantee that the deposit will be returned and the distribution of profit will result from the project invested in. Blue Chips Issues only a specific amount of interest. Issues Sukuk the joint venture principle General reserves Deducted from net profit. Net profit is deducted only from private shareholders. Sharia Boards No Sharia boards Essential to have a Sharia board to allow new products a nd to monitor Sharia compliancy. Investment Accounts All deposits gain interest. There are two accounts, (1) general investment (Modaraba Motliq) (2) private investment (Modaraba Moqaieda) Formulas for money investment Loans are mostly commercial They are invested within the framework of Islamic partnership contracts Zakaat Fund No Zakaat fund One of the ways of forming partnerships with the community. Credit Studies Its about the business, the capital, the expected profit or securing credit. More involved with the borrower and the main interest is the repayment of the amount. Prohibitions and allowance (Halal and Harram) Main interest is profit, subject to regulation. Banks do not become partners with projects involving prohibited activities within Islam, e.g. alcohol or drugs-related projects. The establishment of Islamic banking and its progressions over the years It is claimed that local banks in Metghamer, Egypt, in 1963 establ ished Islamic banking in a practical manner; therefore, it is said that Islamic banking was practiced first, then it was encoded. In 1969, the Islamic Governance was established consisting of foreign ministers who formed two committees, one Pakistani and one Egyptian. They studied the establishment of Islamic Banks and concluded the adoption of Islamic Banking in following sessions. In 1971, the Nasser Social Bank was launched as the first bank that specified in its company principles that it would not be involved in any kind of Riba activities. In 1974, an agreement was signed establishing the Islamic Development Bank in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, it was a government bank formed in light of the study presented to the Islamic Governance conference and has been trading since 1975. 1975 saw the establishment of Dubai Islamic Bank in the UAE. The successful establishment of the first Islamic Banks, characterized by Dar el Maal El Islami, was followed by the Faisal Islamic Ban k and Dalla el Barrka foundation, which is now one of the largest Islamic Banks. Some countries, such as Pakistan, Iran and Sudan, now require all the Islamic banks to work with some of their observations. Islamic banking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia All the banks in Saudi Arabia now offer Islamic financial products The Al Rajhi Bank has offered Islamic banking since it was established in 1988 The Al Jazeara Bank transferred fully to Islamic Banking services in 2003 The central banks of Saudi Arabia encourage Islamic banking. Main problems which Islamic banks face Lack of trained staff in all sectors of the bank, such as head office and branches, in the area of Islamic banking rules and regulations. Difficulties in reconciling legal and Sharia rules, in both Mudaraba and Mosharaka, making the banks turn to Murabaha. A lack of supervision and a lack of belief in modernization. Central banks do not develop tools and methods to compete within the mark et. A lack of cooperation and coordination between Islamic banks. The application of Islamic banking in the National Commercial Bank A recent concept has been established traditional banks offer traditional Islamic banking. The banks organizational units take multiple forms; either branches specialized in providing Islamic products, or Islamic windows in branches also offering traditional products. The Central Bank sets a number of criteria and controls the work of Islamic banks and branches, of these, the most important are: 1 Forming a Sharia Supervisory Board formed of scholars of Islam and scholars of comparative law 2 Preparing a budget for the branches of each financial year, taking into account the nature of the Islamic sect. This must not be incompatible with the accounting rules followed in the preparation of the budget and accounts. Profit and loss statements and periodic reports must also be sent to the Central Bank 3 We must be faithful workers of his thought Islamic Bank Forms taken by traditional banks to offer Islamic banking According to Taatokz, banks provide Islamic banking in several forms, which can be categorized as: 1 Specialist Islamic branches. In this form the traditional bank sets up new branches or converts existing branches to offer Islamic banking products. These branches are usually branches of a Department of the traditional bank, or may be established as a special department, which was the method used by the Egyptian National Bank, which set up a second Bank of Egypt in 1979 which in turn established branches for Islamic transactions in 1979, and by the Saudi National Commercial Bank which was established in 1990. The establishment of independent branches of conventional banks is the most common method of offering Islamic services. The most credible is the form that allows checks on the validity of the banks. As can be seen with the Central Bank in Egypt, the main advantage of this format is that it can be separated and the results of operations have a separate results section on the banks statement alongside the profit and loss of the traditional business. In addition, this method is more convincing for customers than having a window in a traditional branch. The disadvantages of this method are based on the nature of the relationship between the branch and Head Office, and also that it raises questions about the separation of the private funds section which provides Islamic banking and the conventional branches. These questions will be reviewed in the next section by looking at the experiences of the Saudi National Commercial Bank. 2 Windows offering Islamic products in the branches of traditional banks. In this form the bank allocates windows in traditional branches to provide Islamic banking products in addition to those traditionally provided by the branches of banking products.  This form meets the needs of customers who wish to. This form of Islamic ba nking has been used widely in Malaysia, but it gives rise to differences of opinion. While some believe it is the beginning of a transformation in Islamic banking, others believe that this form leads to a loss of credibility, and also raises practical problems in the recruitment of funds, and due to the separate regulations, accounting policies and other policies concerning both financial and other matters. 3 Islamic finance products issued through the Department of Islamic Finance This method is used to attract a segment of customers who want to deal with the traditional banks. The traditional Islamic design, Abannom, provides some instruments compatible with Islamic finance and provides all conventional banks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 4 Islamic investment funds An Islamic investment fund is an investment pool which usually takes the form of a company and aims to make a profit for investors in accordance with Islamic law. The management of a fund may be delegated to another company or may be managed by the bank directly. The application of Islamic banking in the Saudi National Commercial Bank This section summarizes the Saudi National Commercial Banks experiences in providing Islamic banking 1 The birth of the idea The idea of providing Islamic banking services began in the application of the work of Islamic banking. In the early 1980s there was an approach made to examine the ways the Bank could provide banking services compatible with the Islamic Baattabaraha way to attract deposits, but the proposal was limited by its lack of clarity and the lack of completion of studies into the legal aspects of this work at that time. The Banks management decided to follow other applications of Islamic banking and participated in seminars and conferences on the subject. This led to the introduction and development of banking. Following this introduction, expert practitioners designed a series of contracts and versions of the documents that could be applied practically and provided a clear intellec tual vision for the application and the discipline of operations. The Bank then floated the idea of starting with one branch offering Islamic banking with each of the banks operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia participating in its capital, like its predecessors, but the idea died because it was not adopted by any of the banks. In 1987, the Bank created the first investment fund with disciplined restrictions to ensure any deals it made were legitimate. The fund traded in global commodities and invested in trade goods in accordance with the Murabaha formula for international transactions to ensure short-term quality, with the exception of trade in gold and silver coins. In 1990, the first branch specializing in products and services of Islamic banking was opened under the guidance of the General Manager of the Bank. He himself pursued the activity and showed there was a conviction. This leadership was important. It is becoming imperative to start planning for the appli cation of Islamic banking and so it is important to study the process in terms of development and the creation of appropriate internal and external environment for this process. The Saudi Banks approach to Islamic banking was to proceed in a phased manner to ensure the success of the application process. The use of a specialized consulting firm in the Islamic banking area was effective to achieving this goal. 2 Establishing a separate department of Islamic Banking In 1992, a separate department was set up within the bank to develop Islamic banking. Its functions were defined as follows: †¢ Business development in the areas of deposits, financing and investment. †¢ Marketing the Islamic Banking and attracting customers. †¢ Oversight of the management of branches that were established as Islamic branches or were converted into Islamic branches. †¢ Preparation and development of staff who understand the nature and characteristics of Islamic bankin g and control the legitimacy. †¢ Development of awareness among customers of the nature, philosophy and characteristics of Islamic banking through a variety of means, such as seminars attended by members of the DFI and Islamic scholars to answer questions from the audience. †¢ Communications and personal correspondence with customers and businesses, and the distribution of brochures concerning the activities of branches and the nature of the products. 3 The application of the principles of Islamic banking in the National Commercial Bank Alosaip principles were approved to verifying that all the processes that were submitted and implemented in accordance with the provisions of Islamic law. To achieve this in practice, training programmes were created for all employees and branches on the basics of banking business, contracts and evidence of work in order. The final step was the selection and appointment of R. Kabh in 1996 from among credible experts in Almehm w ith experience in the field of Islamic banking business. The Board examines the ways in which the administration operates Islamic banking services and develops appropriate controls and reviews all contracts. In order to legitimize the work of the Department, from time to time some operations and control steps are inserted into the implementation and administration sections, for example a monitor was created to ensure the legitimate legal rights of the application in 1999. 4 Application within the Bank It became evident that the methodology would be one of the main requirements of the change, because the Department was seeking to make comprehensive changes in the Bank, and these changes would be difficult to achieve to the required level in the short time available. For example, policies, products and staff would need to be ready, and the policy of conversion which was adopted highlighted some of the sensitivities among administrative employees, customers, departments and bran ches which have become so important. Regional differences were also studied in order to avoid inappropriate reactions. 5 Compliance with prevailing local and international laws This means the necessity of complying with all regulations in force in the Kingdom and internationally. Activities within the bank which are not inconsistent with Islamic law are conducted in cooperation with the Foundation. The Saudi establishment has established a unit for the training of Islamic Banking Institute. 6 Alignment with the various departments and branches of the Bank This principle aims to reduce the differences that might do harm to the relationships between the administration and its subsidiaries, other units of the bank and legislators. It is consistent with the philosophy of the senior management to create an atmosphere of harmony between the various units of the bank. These principles have been included in development plans in which the criteria for selection of workers sit at the center; and the number of branches is evidence of the design working. For example, some studies, such as Murabaha, have examined the evidence for the use of funding formulas in speculation, leasing and sale. This evidence has been reviewed more than once, and has adopted the forms of contracts in the Fatwa. The Shariah should also be allowed to manage its independence and its financial and administrative subsidiaries. 7 Market research to identify customer needs The National Commercial Bank conducted studies to determine the degree of customer awareness and interest in Islamic banking. This study found that 93% of all respondents intended to perform some transactions with an Islamic, with different degrees of commitment. A second study aimed to identify the market and was used to attract funding. It found the following results: a a high proportion of medium-sized enterprises had a desire to use Islamic products b large companies believe that the Isla mic financial products do not provide sufficient flexibility c 16% have a desire to use Islamic financial products immediately, with the results varying according to the region d 35% believe it is feasible they would use Islamic financial products in the next two to five years 8 Expanding the application of Islamic banking The successful achievement of the first phase of its goal to implement Islamic banking services within the National Commercial Bank has drawn attention both internally and externally, and its experience has become a model for other countries wishing to achieve economic goals that do not conflict with Islamic law, especially in Malaysia. However, the initial results since the opening of the first branch in 1990 up until 1998 did not achieve the aspirations of senior management in the bank in terms of the number of Islamic funds and the number of branches transformed. Having conducted a study into the possibility of using a strategy aimed at mob ilizing the resources and expertise available in the bank to offer Islamic banking, Alkhmat found that the innovative and imaginative vision and the experiences of the National Commercial Bank were unprecedented globally and so created a model to help measure it. To support the administration of a scheme such as this he found the following to be the most important actions: †¢ Formation of a Committee of Islamic Banking A Committee of Islamic Banking was formed, headed by the Director-General of the Bank, and its membership includes a number of members of senior management of the Bank and the Director of Islamic banking services. It is responsible for planning and overseeing the process of expansion and providing the necessary support. †¢ Scientific Forum for the expansion of Islamic banking At the end of 1998 The Department of Islamic Bankings forum included the Directors of most departments in the National Commercial Bank, as well as the Deputy Director-Gen eral, and was moderated by one of the experts. One of the objectives of this forum was the search for better methods to achieve the expansion that would meet the Banks senior managements commitment to the application of the law of God in all transactions. This forum proposed that the Department of Islamic banking should be led by a transformational leader who would contribute to helping other departments on the application of the change and ensure that sufficient knowledge and skills were available within each department because a certain percentage of staff must be converted to work Islamic banking during the agreed period of time. This approach was introduced to the Fatwa and Sharia Supervisory Board in May 1999 and it was decided that its advisory opinion to provide Islamic banking in all the departments and branches of the bank was permissible. According to Dhaobt, legitimacy was established by the DFI in this regard and provides for the following: 1 to approve N ational Bank branches currently providing traditional services to provide Islamic Banking Murabaha to customers in a manner specified in procedures established by instructions to the branches by the Department of Islamic Banking; that the contracts are issued by the competent authority within the bank, such as a unit for Islamic Credit Monitoring; and that these Algjraiat and practices are subject to legal supervision and follow-up observations to allow more competent employees to take over these actions. 2 Approval by the departments and the various branches of the bank identify annual targets as a ratio of the financial activities of Islamic banking, so that these branches and departments Ptivha through Islamic modes of finance such as Murabaha, leasing and sale of term And peace and Istisna and as a stage in a gradual conversion. 3 A Shariah Supervisory Board to monitor and follow-up all work and formulas used in Islamic finance in the National Bank, which do not fa ll within the competence of the Islamic banking management services, such as investment funds and the various formulas in the departments of finance. There will be differences between the National Bank and Murabaha contracts, between companies and individuals, and so on. 4 The Supervisory Board confirms the legitimacy the bank officials need to redouble their efforts to accelerate the transition and to prepare for it by training staff. It provides assurance that the business transformation in the bank is moving in a safe direction, so they can act in accordance with the provisions, rules and principles of Islam. 5 The terms of reference the Shariah Supervisory Board are presently limited to monitoring the management of Islamic banking, but there is a desire of officials to take over the oversight functions for all of the Bank of the Islamic Murabaha and other modes of finance, and the the Shariah Supervisory Board has requested the right to issue decisions, guidance, follow- up and opinion for all departments of the bank. †¢ Full conversion of all branches to provide Islamic banking In the Banks celebration of 50 years since its foundation the members of the Board of Directors passed a resolution to convert the remaining 135 branches to work only in accordance with Islamic banking principles and mechanisms. The determination by the Bank to make this transformation can been seen in its integration of personnel management and administrative services for Islamic banking into one department. This integration has been accompanied by administrative and structural changes contributing to the objectives of the Bank. This change was also announced a new slogan for the new bank which reflected the commitment to Islamic traditions, values and roots and the national aspirations for the future. On 29th May 2004, the Director-General of the NCB made a speech outlining the features and steps of this change and its impact on departments. The Bank accompan ied this speech with questions and answers about the size of the shift, its motives and implications, and its impact on jobs and the time frame for the application of this transformation, which was completed by the end of 2005 †¢ Methodology of converting branches to Islamic banking As Ja noted, the model for the development of Islamic banking includes a clear vision for a specific and scientific approach to lead the shift towards Islamic banking. In light of this vision, goals must be identified and, as Alastrajiat determined, the necessary resources and organizational structure must be provided. Alemrahalouaktoat claimed that the adoption of a gradual method was logical, and this was evident in the style that was followed in the conversion of branches. The most important aspects of this are: 1 Choose the sections to be converted The branches to be converted must be chosen in accordance with the plan thought out in accordance with the principles established by the Bank. The foremost aim was to ensure coverage in all areas in the Kingdom, and to provide literature on the definition of Islamic banking to these areas. For customers, it was important to make the conversion easy, whether this is linked to deposits, investments or funding, easing the process of conversion 2 Conversion team The team must contain members from different banking disciplines to ease the conversion process, this means covering aspects of banking, finance and accounting, and aspects associated with the system, processes, models, documents and contracts. 3 Preparing human resources Once the decision to convert a branch has been made, time must be set aside for training of the branch staff on the basics of Islamic banking and Ahidvp and the nature of the specialized legal controls that govern all operations. They must be provided with approaches for the self-development areas of Islamic banking. 4 Provide branches with forms, contracts, documents, and evidence of work 5 Contact with clients After a section is converted internally to the application of Islamic banking, it is time to communicate with existing customers, including sending personal letters, and making telephone calls and field visits to customers to explain the Islamic alternatives. 6 Seminars for clients, and provide them with Palmtaiwiat It was clear from the outset that, in practice, customers were in dire need to be informed about the methods and means of Islamic banking. The successful deployment of Islamic banking is not the responsibility of the Islamic bank alone, but must be done with the participation of customers. It was therefore among the objectives of the administration to raise awareness of clients, particularly businesses and dignitaries, which was achieved by holding meetings and seminars with members of the Shariah in various cities of the Kingdom 7 Preparation and development of human resources Human resources play an important role in improving the level of performance and paying attention to the selection of individuals, and developing and motivating them and evaluating their performance will help them to achieve a high degree of satisfaction which will be reflected in their performance, and this has been demonstrated through the administrations interest in Islamic banking. Human resources should: †¢ Develop controls for the selection of personnel and administration leaders †¢ Investigate the ongoing training needs of employees †¢ Define the vision, mission preparation and development of human resources †¢ Design programmes, forums and development laboratories. In order to overcome the lack of knowledge and skills among individuals both short-term and long-term plans must be created. Participation in the area of Islamic banking will be improved by 1 Participation in internal and external programmes in Islamic banking 2 Creation of reward and punishment schem es according to performance criteria for concrete results 3 Fostering a culture of continuous improvement through self-development 4 Innovation and offering new ideas for financial and Islamic investment products. †¢ Set priorities for the development process In order to achieve effective achievement in the development of human resources, initial requirements were identified as being leadership and management skills for branch managers and customer service for cashiers †¢ Curriculum development and self-development Abstract 1 The experience of National Commercial Bank provides a case study for the transition phase for the development of Islamic banking. 2 As well as looking at the experiences of the National Commercial Bank, the essay examines the philosophy of separate Islamic branches and Islamic windows in some branches of other conventional banks, because it seeks to examine the beginning of the expansion and development on an ongoing basis without limits. 3 The National Commercial Bank manages the practice of Islamic banking and has achieved good financial results which have attracted the attention of bankers and specialists both locally and internationally, who want to follow up their achievements and to study it as a case of a banking system implementing Islamic finance rules. 4 Since the National Commercial Bank implemented Islamic banking, all the banks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have followed its lead.